Apart from medical examination of the employees, regular critical examination of the workplaces and consultation with the employer, the task of the works physician includes the collection and evaluation of the test results and the investigation of the causes of work-related diseases. The works physician has therefore received from the legislator also the “task of carrying out research”. For cost reasons this task is, however, usually neglected. On the basis of historical and current examples the importance of this task is discussed. Occupational medicine faces new challenges in a changing working environment. Answers can only be gained if occupational physicians and scientists from universities or research establishments cooperate meaningfully with one another. The future of occupational medicine can only be secured if our activities are comprehensibly evidence-based and the success of preventive measures is scientifically documented.