Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the health effects associated with exposure to manganese, especially those concerning the central nervous system, in workers exposed long-term currently employed in a dry cell battery plant. Methods and subjects: We investigated 58 male and 32 female workers with a mean exposure period to manganese of 11 years (range: 1–42 years). The following methods were used: standardized anamnesis, physical examination including tests for motor functions using the Webster rating scale, a neuropsychological examination program (ANES), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain, electroencephalography, visually evoked potentials, nerve conduction velocity and basic laboratory tests with special nephrogenic markers (alpha 1-microglobulin, N-acetyl-β-d-glucosamidase and retinol-binding protein). Using atomic absorption spectrometry we determined the level of manganese in the air, blood and urine. On the basis of the individual working history, workplace conditions and air monitoring results, an individual „chronic exposure index“ (CEI) was defined. The study results are based mainly on the statistical multiple regression analysis of exposure-
effect relationships, including important confounding variables. Results: The mean concentration of manganese in the air of the work area with the highest exposure („black area“) was 0.4 mg/m3, with a maximum of 0.8 mg/m3 (the German threshold value is 0.5 mg/m3). The mean manganese concentration in blood was 14 μg/l. The reference value (95th percentile) was estimated to be about 10 μg/l. No case of parkinsonism with akinesia, rigidity, tremor or deterioration in writing ability was observed in the physical examinations. The performance of workers with higher levels of exposure, however, was slightly reduced in complex psychomotor tests and there was a significant correlation with the CEI. Such correlations can be seen in cognitive test results concerning attention and memory. Clinically relevant psychomotor or cognitive deficits were not found. The neurophysiological examinations did not reveal manganese-specific effects on the central or peripheral nervous system. A significant positive relationship was found, however, between MR I T1-weighted signal intensity in the area of the globus pallidus (pallidal index) and the CEI in men, but with no other significant correlation. Conclusions:
1. Manganese in blood is a valid biomarker to objectify manganese exposure
at the workplace.
2. Blood manganese concentrations below 20 μg/l (current BAT value in Germany) is not likely to induce neurological or neuropsychological dysfunction.
3. Higher MRI signal intensity in the area of the globus pallidus is a sign of a higher concentration of manganese in this area, but it is not associated with neuropsychological dysfunction.
4. A follow-up examination is needed to investigate the meaning of the correlation between the long-term exposure to manganese and the results of some neuropsychological tests. 5. For preventive purposes we recommend the biomonitoring method (manganese in blood) and the neuropsychological tests; these are of sensitive diagnostic value for occupational surveillance.